TOPIC 1:CLASSIFICATION KINGDOM FUNGI

5. WATER

Water does not provide energy to body the but there are several ways through which it is important. Water can be replaced in the body through

            a) Direct drinking

            b) Eating foods and fruits.                       

Importance of water

        i.            It used in the digestion and absorption of food.

      ii.            It is a medium of transport for food and hormones.

    iii.            It acts as lubricants e.g. eyeball eyelids.

    iv.            It helps in excretion of harmful by product of metabolic process e.g. urine, sweat.

      v.            Help in regulation of heat loss (evaporation of sweat on body surface causes the body to cool)

    vi.            It is used in the manufacture of different secretions e.g. tears, saliva.

                                    

 A BALANCE DIET

What is a Diet?

Diet refers to a sum total of all foods one taken in a meal.

A balanced diet refers to food containing all types of food nutrients in the correct proportion. We should eat a diet low in facts, sugar and salt but high in proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and roughage, more importantly we should take in large amounts of water. 

Note: It is recommended that we eat white meat e.g. fish, poultry products. Instead of take a red meat as protein sources.

The following should be done it in order to maintain a healthy body. 

        i.            Physical activity can preserve and improve your health. Therefore, it is important to balance your food intake and exercise.

      ii.            Eat foods low in fats, sugars and salts. This will reduce your risk of heart attacks, tooth decay and high blood pressure respectively.

    iii.            Include plenty of grains, fruits, and vegetables in your diet.

    iv.             Eat food provides the body with energy and nutrients required to maintaining proper health.

Nutritional requirements for different groups of people

Nutritional requirement differ for different groups of people, ratio of nutrients varies depending state of the body. The following are some groups of people and the special nutritional needs.

1.      Expectant and lactating mothers.

Expectant and lactating (breast feeding) mother need to get enough nutrients. They should eat a balanced diet because they require nutrients for themselves and the growing foetus or babies.

        i.            Protein is needed for the build – up of the mother muscles, breast, uterus, blood supply and the baby or foetus tissue and organs.

      ii.            Folic acid and vitamin B help to lower the risk of birth defects such as spina bifida (spinal disorder characterized by a hole in the spine).

    iii.            Calcium helps in the development of the foetus or baby’s bones.

    iv.            Zinc; for the proper progression of labour, growth and development of the baby.

      v.            Iron for her blood supply need, the foetus also needs to store iron for use during the first few months after birth.

    vi.            Require adequate amounts of dietary fiber to reduce the likelihood constipation, which is a common complaints during pregnancy.

          2. Young children

        i.            Proteins; for the growth and development of body tissues. Inadequate of proteins can lead to stunted growth.

      ii.            Calcium; for the formation strong bones and teeth.

    iii.            Zinc; is important for body growth.

    iv.            Vitamin B₁₂; for the formation of red blood cells.

      v.            vitamin C helps children to build their immunity.

    vi.            Carbohydrates; for energy – giving, because they are active than adult.

         3. Adolescent

1. Need food rich in carbohydrates because of high body metabolism
2. Food rich in protein and mineral salt such as calcium, iron and phosphorus
3. Adolescent girl require additional supply of iron to compensate for the blood loss during menstruation.

4.The elderly.

         i.            Elderly people require less energy – giving foods because they generally less active.

        ii.            Vitamins and minerals i.e. iron, zinc and calcium to maintain their health.

      iii.            Eat food that is rich in fiber in order to reduce constipation and bowel problems that come with age. 

      iv.            It is important to ensure that get food that are nutritious as well as easy to chew and swallow. For example they can get proteins from eggs or liver instead of meat.

       5. Sedentary workers

They include workers potter’s weavers, clerk receptionists and doctors.

         i.            Sedentary workers are encouraged to balance their diets with physical exercise.

        ii.            It is recommended that they limit their intake of foods rich in lipids.

 6. The sick

a)      They should take a proper nutrition or a balanced diet and doing exercises.

                                  i.            Helps to keep their immune system strong and helps the body to fight opportunistic infections and disease.

                                ii.            Helps to compensate rapid weight loss by getting enough nutrients.

                              iii.            Proper nutrition helps the body to withstand heavy medication.

                              iv.            Proper diet and exercise helps to combat symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, diarrhea and high blood sugar.

b)      Excess caffeine sugar, dried foods, spicy foods and alcohol should be avoided because they are harmful to a body whose immune system is already weak.

c)      They need to take plenty of fruits and water. Fruits provide vitamins which are required to fight disease. Water replaces the amount lost through diarrhea or vomiting.

FOOD GUIDE PYRAMID

Food guide pyramid is a chart showing the recommended amounts of different food types that dietician considers healthy eating. It is advisable to use of food guide pyramid what to eat.

Nutritional deficiencies and disorders

Malnutrition

Malnutrition (limiting the intake of one or more essentials nutrients) results from eating too little or eating the wrong food. There are different types of nutritional deficiencies and disorders in human beings, these deficiencies and disorders include obesity, rickets, kwashiorkor, marasmus, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
 

Nutritional disorders

Nutritional disorders are conditions of ill health in a person which arise as a result of lifestyle (poor eating habits) as discussed below.

1. Obesity

Obesity means overweight, it is caused by taking a lot of carbohydrates, fats and oil than what the body requires and exercising a little. Body weight and health risks associated with it are correlated by the body mass index (BMI). BMI gives the relationship between the estimated body fat and the risks of certain disease or conditions.

 

Example: if your height is 2.7meters and your body mass is 60kilograms; BMI can be calculated as:-

 

BMI guide table     

BMI	Body condition
Below 20	Underweight
20 – 25	Healthy person
25 – 30	Overweight
30 – 35	Obese
Above 35	Very obese

symptoms of obesity

        i.            high blood pressure,

      ii.            diabetes and

    iii.            certain types of cancer,

    iv.             stroke

      v.             respiratory problems.

Prevention and control measures

          i.            Eating properly and avoid eating fatty or oily foods and sugary foods.

        ii.            engage in regular exercise and low intake of food.

      iii.            Eat diet with more vegetables and fruits, lean meat and little carbohydrates.

1.      Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is also called slimmer’s disease or self starvation syndrome. It occurs when a person intentionally refuses to eat enough, leading to a severe loss of body mass.

Sign and symptoms of anorexia

a.       Muscle wasting (including weakening of heart muscle)

b.      Excessive loss of body mass

c.       Extreme fear of being fat.

d.      Disturbed body image or feeling fat even when one is very thin. 

Bulimia nervosa involves excessive eating followed by efforts to remove food from the body. This effort could involve self- induced vomiting, fasting, excessive exercising or taking drugs that stimulate, emptying of the bowels or excessive urination.

Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia

Both Bulimia and Anorexia have underlined psychological causes, such as depression, low self esteem and bottled up emotions and the need to fit contemporary standard of beauty Bulimia and Anorexia mostly affect women.

Effects of Anorexia and Bulimia

1. The effects of Anorexia and Bulimia are demonstrated by heart problems due to weak cardiac muscles or an imbalance of mineral salts.
2. There is an impaired mental function because the brain lacks adequate amount of glucose.
3. Victims also exhibit dehydration. During vomiting, the acidic present in the stomach come into contact with the teeth and gums, the eventually causes, serious damage to the gum and erosion of the teeth.
4. effects include anemia, stomach ulcers, abdominal cramping and inflammation of the gut, irregular or absent menstrual periods and dry skin.

Treatment for Anorexia and Bulimia

Anorexia and Bulimia can be treated by

a.       resolving the underlying psychological problems,

b.      seeing a medical practitioner who can prescribe a way of getting back one’s healthy.

c.        making the necessary lifestyle and dietary change.

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