TOPIC 1.CRISIS IN THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM
CRISIS IN THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM
First World War: Causes and Impact on Africa
The great depression: its causes and impact on Africa
The Meaning and Characteristics of the Great Depression
Explain
the meaning and characteristics of the great depression
The great
depression generally refers to the economic crisis which occurred between 1929
and the 1930s during the period of inter war between the world's super powers.
It can
also be described as an economic disaster which spread throughout Europe
following the collapse of the New York stock exchange in Wall Street on 19
October 1929.
In
Britain it was called "the slump‟ and in German "Die Krise‟ (the crisis) and Americans used the term "great depression‟. The great depression began
when the stock exchange crashed in 19 October 1929 and depositors feared bankruptcy and
rushed to withdraw their deposited cash.
Characteristics
of the Great Depression
Hyper
inflation (high depression of money) facilitated to the collapse of economies.
Mass unemployment: The official
figures are impressive, peaking at around 6 million unemployed in Germany, 14
million in the United States and 2.7 million jobless in Britain due to poor
economic activities.
Social tensions increased considerably: With a rising intolerance towards groups or individuals who were
perceived to be "economic rivals‟ or "outsiders,‟ many people began to blame their neighbors due to the economic
collapse.
Low purchasing power:People were unable to buy
food and other necessities due to poor economic activities.
Protectionism: Protectionism
is the economic policy of restraining trade between nations through methods
such as tariffs and government regulations. Preventing commodities from other
nations was applied as a way to prevent depression.
Starvation famine and malnutrition related diseases:The
depression took a heavy toll on the physical and mental health of European
society. In Hamburg, for example over 50% of the young men were unemployed for
more than two years and they were especially hard-hit psychologically.
Low
production of industrial goods and steady fall of prices.
Closure
of financial institutions like banks due to poor economic activity.
The
wide spread of economic depression in the world, except for Russia.
It heightened gender divisions: In some
cases married women workers were forced from the work place by state
legislation in a campaign against so called "double earners‟ because their husbands also
brought home a wage.
Domestic politics became increasingly turbulent: This
was due to the government's failure to combat the depression effectively in
much of central and eastern Europe and the Weimer Republic.
Widespread Malnourishment: Its
effects on national health were long lasting. In the mid 1930s a routine
medical inspection identified over 21% of school children in Pontypridd, Wales
as malnourished.
The Causes of the Great Depression
Analyse
the causes of the great depression
First world war of 1914, this
war created an economic vacuum, whereby during the war many European countries
were incurring high war expenditure while no production thus after the war the
European nations wanted to compensate the gap of production that occurred
during the period, which led to over production hence low prices in
agricultural and industrial products.
Hence
low investment which led to mass unemployment that brought low purchasing power
that leads to poor welfare like famine starvation and death thus great
depression.
Multi distribution of capitalist’s economy or uneven
distribution of national economy in the capitalist’s nations. Whereby in pure capitalist‟s nations it‟s only few
individuals that happen to own and control production for instance in U.S.A by
the time of great depression it was only 5% of the population that owned the
economy.
Unlike
in socialism economy thus any withdraw of such people from the investments it
affect the entire economy thus the fall of New York stock exchange in 1929 led
to the investors to withdraw their money from the stock market which led to the
economic depression of 1930‟s.
Heavy loans during the fighting, heavy debts from USA to France and Britain were acquired to
facilitate the war even after the war more debts were got from USA like
financial loan to construct the war damaged European nations, the results was
when the pressure to repay loans and interests became greater particular in
Europe, it created an economic situation whereby huge sum of money begun flowing
from Europe to USA.
This
destroyed international trade, thus Europeans nations couldn‟t develop but
all of them depending on USA thus any problem on USA economy had to affect the
entire world.
War indemnity of Germany and senseless circle payments, Germany was asked to pay huge indemnity or repatriation of 6.5
billion dollars to the victor power first of all this amount of money was too
huge for Germany which had just come from war that led to inflation and created
senseless circle payments.
Germany
acquired loan from USA as to pay Britain and France who wanted to repay the
loans from USA, who borrowed Germany thus a senseless circle payments that
anything that would affect USA economy would affect the entire world economy
hence the collapse of New York stock exchange led to great economic depression.
The collapse of new York stock exchange on 19th October 1929, this was the immediate cause of the great depression, many
investors in USA and outside USA had invested a lot in USA stock exchange the
fall of the prices of shares, made the investors to withdraw their shares which
led to low investment that led to closure financial institutions like banks,
and credit facilities, hence great depression.
Absence of international institutions like IMF and World Bank which would have acted as advisors and
regulators of economic and financial issues in the world, like controlling
inflation production, scarcity and financial regulation. Thus its absence in
1930‟s led to
great economic depression
Over production of agriculture and industrial products, after the first world war that period was characterized with
over production of agriculture and industrial output both in the periphery and
in the metro pole, this led to the fall of prices of output of industrial and
agriculture, which discouraged production in the long run, thus great economic
depression.
Political instabilities during
inter war period, this period did not enable many European nations to engage
into commodity production and international trade, it left a little time for
European and USA to engage in economic activities which led to poor planning
that culminated into economic slump.
Bolshevik revolution of 1917, after undergoing the revolution Russia begun to under go command
and central controlled economy, which narrowed the world market that led to the
piles of goods without market from America and in western European nations,
hence economic great depression.
Poor economic policies like protectionism, were also responsible for great economic depression e.g. USA
during the inter war period practiced and pursued discriminative economic
policy against world economies she passed the „Mc Cumber tariff‟ in 1922 to shelter her
economies against imports of nation wishing to export more goods
The collapse of the Austria, as she was providing loans to the European nations but collapsed
in may 1931 due to the withdraw on the French funds the financial crisis was
intensified in Europe.
The recovery program after world war one, the European nations begun to discriminate the USA goods, and
begun the recovery of agriculture sector which led to the discriminating of
agriculture products in USA that resulted the pile of goods because of fewer
buyers this affected the production and that marked the beginning of the great
depression.
The Impact of the Great Depression on Africa
Assess the
impact of the great depression on Africa
Fall of price commodity, it led
to the fall of African cash crops tremendously like cotton, coffee, sisal and
cocoa because the demand at the metro pole was also very low the peasants and
European settlers who were the chief producers of such commodities almost
abandoned the production.
Decline in provision of social services, whereby the colonial government was no longer interested in the
investment of social services because of severe social crises in Europe.
Establishment of processing industries, like coffee, cotton ginneries an oil refinery as to increase the
qualitative and quantitative output in the metro pole.
Intensive exploitation of african resources e.g. land alienation was doubled, new taxes were introduced,
forced cropping was introduced and forced labour became a common place, this
aimed at compensating the financial crisis that had affected their economy.
Regional imbalance, especially
of transport network whereby railways lines and roads were constructed in areas
where production was high and in places that there was no transport network
Provision of low wages, especially
on colonial civil servants as to minimize colonial expenditures in the
peripheries
Lay-offs / retrenchment that
led to mass unemployment in many colonies because the colonial government
reduced the number of workers so as to reduce colonial expenditure like
teachers, nurses, clerks and others.
Development of migrant labourers, since colonial government increased plantation and labour
reserves e.g. Rukwa, Kigoma and Dodoma in Tanganyika and northern Uganda as
well.
Growth of food stuff, the
crises contributed in putting more efforts in the production of food crops like
cassava, banana, soy bean, potatoes and millet because cash crops had fallen in
prices.
Increase in the import industrial commodities in the peripheries as to decrease the stock piles in the metro pole that had lacked
the market during the period of severe economic crisis.
The Second World War:
Causes and Impact on Africa
The war
begun from September 1939 to August 1945; it was fought between the
antagonistic imperialistic nations in two camps i.e. the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo axis
Vs the allied forces being led by Britain, France, USA and Russia, the
Berlin-Rome-Tokyo axis was defeated and surrendered.
The war
was a global military conflict that in terms of live lost and material
destruction was the most devastating war in human history. It began in 1939 as
a European conflict between Germany and an Anglo-French polish coalition but
eventually widened to include most of the nations of the world.
It
ended in 1945, leaving a new world order of a super powers dominated by the
United States and the Union on Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) the second
world war reached in every part of the world in the five continents and in 7
seas.
More
than 50 million of people lost their lives in this disastrous war, more than 22
million were soldiers and more than 28 million were civilians. The real cause
of this war is not known but most historians concur that it was the combination
of factors that led to the outbreak of the world war II.
It was
also unique in modern times for the savagery of the military attacks unleashed
against civilians, and for the adoption by Nazi Germany of genocide (of Jews,
Roma [Gypsies], homosexual and other groups) as a specific war aim.
The
most important determinant of its outcome was industrial capacity and
personnel. In the last stage of the war, two radically new weapons were
introduced, the long range rocket and the atomic bomb.
The Causes of the Second World War
Analyse
the causes of the second world war
The
Versailles peace treaty of 1919, many world historians do agree that the seed
that led to the second world war was sown during the Versailles peace treaty
settlement, the Versailles men who had reduced Germany to a military cipher and
had reorganized Europe and the world as they saw fit, this created more enemies
than friends for example, Hitler promised to overturn the Versailles treaty,
for having humiliated Germany to that extent, he secured additional support
from Germany peasants, Turkey, Italy too were ill-treated by the treaty and
opted to revenge. Thus the outbreak of World War II in 1939
Formation
of hostile camps, after the failure of league of nation Germany was very
successful to create an alliance with Italy, Tokyo and Japan, thus the
Berlin-Rome-Tokyo axis which forced French to form the Anglo-French hegemony
which was later on joined by other countries and formed the allied forces
versus central power, it was these camps that the second world war was
organized it provide confidence and increase enmity between the military camps
that made the war inevitable.
Hitler
and Mussolini foreign policy, this were characterized by expansionism
aggression hatred revenge and domination, Adolf Hitler the leader of the
Germany national socialist (Nazi) party, preached a brand of fascism predicated
on anti-Semitism and racism. Hitler promised to overturn the Versailles treaty
and secure additional Lebensraum (living space).German
people who he contended deserved more as members of the superior race he wanted
to make the capital of the world to be at Berlin, this created the outbreak of
World War II when they attempted to fulfill their desires e.g. 1935 Mussolini
attacked Ethiopia, in 1938 Hitler attacked Austria, 1939 Hitler attacked Poland
as that resulted the outbreak of world war II.
Military
preparedness and re armament, when Hitler came to power in 1933 having
denounced the disarmament clauses of the Versailles treaty, created a new air
force, and re introduced conscription, in march 1936 Hitler dispatched German
troops into the Rhine land he withdraw Germany
from the league of nations and begun manufacturing more weapons preparing for
revenge, this act attracted other countries to do the same thing e.g. Britain
and France increased their military budget to prepare weapons. Such military
readiness brought tension which brought the war in 1939.
Imperialism,
German begin the war because she wanted to regain her lost imperial interesting
Africa like in Tanganyika as well as to get more colonies in Africa, for Italy
she fought to get more colonies and territories, France wanted to maintain and
defend her imperialistic gains from Germany, while Russia was interested in the
Balkans and Britain wanted to maintain her status quo as the shark of the sea
with the colonial empire.
Factors that led the War to Spread Worldwide
Analyse
the factors that led the war to spread worldwide
The
Second World War was centered in Europe but after a period of time spread
worldwide this was due to some factors; among of them are colonialism,
expansion of military alliances, imperialist interests, the rise and spread of
socialist and capitalist ideologies in the world.
The Impact of the Second World War on Africa
Assess the
impact of the second world war on Africa
Involvement
of Africa into the war, some Africans were recruited to fight on the behalf of
their colonial power for instance the British colonies recruited the King
African Riffles (KAR) to fight on the side of allied forces.
The
rise of African nationalism, especially after the return of ex-soldiers who
begun to mobilize their fellow Africans to fight against colonialism after
getting awareness, it was attributed both on internal and external forces.
Formation
of United Nations (UN), especially after the collapse of League of Nations
whereby African countries became members of UN especially those that became
independent.
Destruction
of African agriculture and economic activities, since the war reached in
African soil like in Somali, Kenya, Libya and other parts, African property
were destroyed.
Intensive
exploitation of African resources by the colonialists in order to compensate
the losses incurred during the war although this led to large scale nationalism
in Africa.
The
rise of USA as a leading capitalist nations, which introduced open door policy
neo colonialism as compensate what for having not colonized like European
nations.
Spread
of socialist ideologies in Africa e.g. Ujamaa village in Tanganyika, commons
mans charter in Uganda and consciousness in Zambia.
Death
and suffering, since many Africans fought on the side of their colonial master,
around 100,000 were mobilized in east and southern Africa whereby, many of them
died; there was outbreak of diseases and hunger that killed many Africans.
Formation
of none allied movement (NAM), this was formed in 1955 in Bandung Indonesia
whereby neutral nations who did not belong in side i.e. capitalism or
communism.
Collapse
of Italian colonialism in Africa, the war marked the end of Italian imperialism
in Africa following the defeat of central axis Italy lost her colonies of Libya
and Eritrea.
Transfer
of mandatory territories to the UN trust ship and the trust territories were
put under the supervision of the UN which included Tanganyika, Namibia, Rwanda,
Burundi and many others.
Intensification
of exploitation in the colonies, measures were taken in the colonies to increase
raw materials in the metro pole, a lot of exports were needed from the colonies
to rebuilt the war ruined Europe, for example new taxes were introduced, land
alienation, forced cropping and processing industries.
Development
of rural urban protest, which was attributed to extreme exploitation in the
colonies, mass discontent was developed both in the rural and workers in the
urban centers who manifested in the form of strikes and riots.
Introduction
of new economic, social reforms and social policies in the colonies for example
import substation industries were encouraged in relation to education the
curriculum was changed and the emphasis was put on hand work and agriculture as
to envisage qualitative and quantitative production.
Environment
degradation in the colonies, this was due to the over use of the environment
during that period as to create enough commodity for export in the metro pole
for example land became exhausted.
State
intervention in the colonial economy, the colonial state became increasingly
involved in organizing, coordinating and controlling commodity production in
the colonies whereby it involved in marketing of export commodities by creating
export marketing boards for example coffee marketing board in Kagera and Lint
marketing board in Uganda.
Activity 1
Do the following Assignment
1. 1. The
First World War did not come as thunderstorm but from clear environment.
Discuss.
2. 2. How did
the great depression affect Africa and what were the solutions to the problem?
3. 3. What
was the impact of great depression of 1929-1933 on the colonial economies
ofAfrica?
4. 4.Explain
the reasons that led the east African nations t