TOPIC 1:CLASSIFICATION KINGDOM FUNGI



TOPIC 1:CLASSIFICATION
             KINGDOM FUNGI
Member of the kingdom fungi include fairly familiar organism. Such as Mushrooms, toadstools, puff balls and bracket fungi.
There are also less obvious but very important members such as Mould which grow on bread, ripe fruits and other foods.
Characteristics of fungi
Fungi are found in damp or wet places
1.They have Eukaryotic cells with a rigid protected cell wall made ofchitin (chitin contain polysaccharide and protein)
2.The body of fungi is organized into thread like structure called hyphae(singular hypha). An interware mass of hyphae is called mycelium
3. Fungi have no chlorophyll also they do not photosynthesis, their mode of feeding is heterotrophic, in this way some are saprophytic while others are parasitic.
4. They store food as glycogen
5. Fungi reproduce asexually by using spores.
PHYLUM IN KINGDOM FUNGI
There are three main phyla in kingdom fungi. These are;
  1. Ascomycota
  2. Zygomycota
  3. Basidiomycota 
1. Phylum Basidiomycota (Basidiomycotes)
Basidiomycota are characterized by the production of basidia.
These are microscopic of club shaped cell in which maturation of spore called (basidiospore) take place. Nature spore are prepared then are dispersed.
Examples of Basidiomycotas are mushrooms, toadstool, puff balls and bracket fungi
Characteristic of Basidiomycotes
1. Mushroom grow on dead and decaying matter (saprophytes)
2. They produce enzymes on the surface of their mycelium which help them to break down complex food particles.
3. The pileus is the cap of the mushroom on the under ride of the pileus are special hyphae called gills.
4. The gills produce basidiospores at their tips.
5. The stalk (or stem like part) of the mushroom is called stipe.
6. The part of the mushroom that is above the soil called the fruiting body.
7. Hyphae lie in or on substrate (the source of food).


 


ADVANTAGE OF KINGDOM FUNGI
1. Saprophytic fungi are important in the decomposition of dead organism.
2. Mycorrhiza fungi grow curzid the root of leguminous plants such as green grains, beans and peas.
3. Yeast is used to ferment various types of carbohydrates in order to produce alcohol.
4. Some types of fungi for example mushroom are used as food.
5. Fungi are widely used in genetic engineering and research.
6. Yeast is a rich source of vitamin b and protein.
7. Some types of fungi are used in the production of antibiotics for example Penicillim
8. Yeast cells are used in the production of lactic acid and citric acid.
9. Fungi have been used to control pest that cause damage and disease to agricultural crops.
10. Some types of fungi are used in the dairy industry to flavor cheese.

DISADVANTAGE OF KINGDOM FUNGI
  1. Parasitic fungi causes disease in plant and animal
  2. Fungi produce poison called mycotoxins
  3. Some fungi attack the timber used in building house and make furniture
  4. Some fungi they destroy food e.g. Bread mould
Phylum Ascomycetes
Ascomycetes are also called sac fungi. They produce spores in sac like cells calledasci. There spore are called ascospores.
Examples of ascomycotes are yeast, cup fungi, powdery mildew, penicillium and bread mould


Characteristics of Ascomycetes
1. They are unicellular
2. Yeast can be found in plant leaves and flower in salt water, in oil or warm blooded animals such as human beings.
3. Many types of yeast can ferment sugar to produce alcohol.
4. Some yeast is used in the production of beer, wine and bread. Other types of yeast cause disease.
5. They reproduce asexually by budding. Budding is where by a new organism develops as an outgoing of the parents cell.

     

 


Budding cell

PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA (ZYGOMYCETES)
Zygomycota reproduce asexually though spores or sexually through formation of zygosporia.
These organisms are given this name because they producezygosporangia during sexually reproduction. Zygosporangia are thick walled structure that contain spores and are highly resistance to unsuitable environmental condition. When condition improve the spores germinate example of zygomycetes are mould, mucor and rhizoid.



KINGDOM PLANTAE
This kingdom is made up of plants. There are general characteristic are;
  1. They are multicellular
  2. Their cells are eukaryotic with cellulose cell wall
  3. Plants are autotrophic they photosynthesis to produce their own food
  4. They store food as starch
  5. They are organized into tissues, organs and system
  6. They show limited movement for example opening and closing flower petals and growth movement towards light. 
DIVISION OF KINGDOM PLANTAE
The main 4 divisions of kingdom plantae are
  1. Division Bryophyta
  2. Division filicinophyta
  3. Division coniferophyta
  4. Division spermatophyta/anglespermaphyta 
Division Bryophytes
Plants in this division include Mosses and liverworts.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIVISION BRYOPHYTA
1. They are generally small size, some mosses has only a few cells thick
2. They have leaf – like thallus and root – like rhizoids structure but not true leaves or roots
3. They lack vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
4. Bryophytes are commonly found in the moist areas such as banks and tress and rocks in humid area.
5. They reproduce both sexual and asexual.
            - They need water during sexually reproduction because the male reproductive cells can only reach the female reproductive cells by swimming.
           - Asexually reproduction is by means of spores

6. They show alternation of generation. 

. They show alternation of generation. This means that they have two distinct phases in their life cycle.
   The gamete- producing phase called gametophyte stage, Gamete – producing are male or female reproductive cell.
   The spore producing phase called sporophyte stage

                                                           MOSSES
Moses consists of a stem- like structure bearing spirally arranged leaf like extensions. They are divided to the substratum by rhizoids
The productive parts of mosses plants are the antheridium(male organ) and archegonium. (Female organ)
The antheridium and archegonium can be found on separate plants or on the same plant.
The antheridium releases mobile sperm. The sperm swim in water to reach and fertilize the egg in the archegonium to form a zygote.
The zygote develops into a young sporophyte plant which grows while still attached to the archegonium. It depends on the parent plant for nutrition and support
When it matures the sporophyte forms a capsule contains spores. When the spores are mature the capsule bursts open and they land produce new mosses plants (gametophytes)
  ADVANTAGE OF MOSSES
  1. Mosses help to decompose dead logs.
  2. Mosses serve as pioneer plants on bare ground and help to create a suitable environment for the growth and development of other plant.
  3. Mosses retain a lot of water. They therefore help to keep the soil moist.
  4. When mosses grow in a piece of land, they hold the soil particle together and help to prevent soil erosion.
  5. Mosses also provide shelter for insects and other small animals.
  6. Some birds and mammals use mosses as nesting materials.
  7. Sporangium moss is harvested use in plants nurseries as a plant growing medium.
  8. Peat derived from the remains of mosses as an important fuel in Scotland and Ireland.
  DISADVANTAGE OF MOSSES
     1. Mosses occur as weeds in gardens and other place; they are very difficult to get rid of.
     2. Mosses growing around ponds and other small water bodies can grow on the water and cover. It completely causing the area to become marshy
DIVISION FELILINOPHIC (PTERIDOPHYTES)
This division is made up of ferns. A young fern’s called a fiddlehead
 

Characteristics of fern
1.         They are vascular they have xylem and phloem
2.        Ferns have leaves (called fronds), stem and root. Frond has small ‘leaflets’ called pinnae singular (pinna) which are connected to rachis. The rachis is the middle part of the frond. It has connected to the rhizome which is the short stem at the basic.
  1. The life cycle of fens involves alternation of generations.
  2. The sperm swims to the female egg through water. Fertilization produce a zygote (fertilized egg). The zygote grows into a new plant (sporangiosphore) that has leaves a steam and roots.
5.         The fern plants has spore, producing organs called sporangia (singular sporangium) on the underside of the leaves. The sporangia are arranged in compact groups calledsori (singular sorus).
Sori with spores
When the spore are mature the sporangia releases them into the air. A spore germinate in an environment that is suitable for it development, what germinates is called a prothallus. Prothallus has antheridia and archegonia while produce sperm and egg respectively

 


Advantages of ferns
1. Many types of ferns are grown as ornament in homes and offices.
2. In some part of the world, the fiddlehead of some types of fern is eaten.
3. In southern Asia, ferns are used as a biological fertilizer. They are able to convert nitrogen from the air into compound that can be used by rice plants.
4. Ferns are major components of coal a fossil fuel which is made up of the remain of primitive plants
5. Ferns serve as food for various wild animals.

Disadvantage of ferns
 Ferns can be found as weeds in many places. The giant water fern is one the world worst aquatic weeds.

TOPIC 2: NUTRITION
Nutrition – is the process by which an organism is provided with materials  necessary for energy release, growth repair and keeping the body.

FOOD Is any liquid or solid which provides the body with materials for growth repair,energy release or keeping the body

KINDS OR MODES OF NUTRITION
Basically there are two kinds of nutrition
1. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION
2. HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION

AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION
This is mode of nutrition where by organisms can make food from simple inorganic substance, such as carbon dioxide and water using either light energy (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemosynthesis). Organisms which feed by this way are known as AUTOTROPHS.
 Example Green plants, Iron bacteria and sulphur bacteria.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
This is the process whereby green plants manufacture their own food from simple inorganic substance like water and carbon dioxide by using light energy and chlorophyll.
           
         
                     
 HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
This is the mode of nutrition where by organism use organic materials as the only source of food. Organisms which feed by this way are known as HETEROTROPHICS
There are three types of heterotrophic nutrition
  1. Saprophytic nutrition
  2. Symbiotic nutrition
  3. Holozoic nutrition 

  1. Saprophytic nutrition
This is the mode of nutrition where by organisms feed on dead decaying organic matter; Organisms feeding by this away are known as SAPROPHYTES. Example: mushroom

      2.Holotrophic nutrition
This is mode of nutrition where by organism take food by mouth. It passes through a digestive system and broken down, finally absorbed into body tissue. organisms feed by this way are called holotrophs.
divided in to four groups
        i.            Herbivores – Are animals which feed on plants only Example cow, goat and zebra
      ii.            Carnivores – Are animals which feed on flash only e.g. lion, tiger.
    iii.            Omnivores – Are animals which feed on varieties o food (flash, plants, insect etc) example. Man, monkey, pig.
    iv.             Insectivores – Are animals that feed on insects e.g. shrews, ant
    
  3. Symbiotic nutrition
This mode of nutrition in which an organism of different species exist in a nutrition relationship with other organism; There are three kinds of symbiotic associations, these are: 


  1. Mutualism
  2.  This is a nutritional relationship in which the two partners benefit each other by living together Example Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria in the roots of legumes. or bacteria from the ruminants stomach
         ii.   Commensalism
    This is an association of two species in which one benefit other not and also unaffected. Example Epiphytes (are plants that grow on other plants) e.g. Moses and algae which grow on upper parts of big trees to get sunlight easily
      iii. Parasitic
    This is a feeding relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefit and the other one affected. Organism benefit is called Parasite and the one affected is called Hosts. can be grouped into;
    a.       Endoparasites are living inside the body of the host e.g. tapeworm, roundworm and plasmodia.
    b.      Ectoparasites;Parasite that lives on host’s surface [outside the body] examples includes some mites, flea and body lice.
    The importance of nutrition
    1. Nutrition enables an organism to get nutrients and energy required for various life processes. These processes include growth and development of cells.
    2. To protect body against disease.
    3. Enable in replacement of worn out tissue and dead cell.

    HUMAN NUTRITION (FOOD SUBSTANCES)
    The basic food substances include proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals, roughage and water.
    1. CARBOHYDRATES.
    These are compounds which contain the following elements: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O).
    Source of Carbohydrates
    Cereals - e.g. maize, rice, wheat
    Sugar – e.g. honey, sugar cane, glucose, sweet fruits
    Carbohydrates are says this are called SACCHARIDES
    There are three groups of saccharide
    1. MONOSACCHARIDES
    These are simplest form (basic unit of carbohydrates) which is absorbed directly in the blood. These are also known as REDUCING SUGARS
               Their general formula is C6 H12 O6.  Examples of Monosaccharide
    1. Glucose: Occurs freely in grapes, honey, tomato and germinating maize
    2. Fructose: Occurs freely in all ripe sweet fruits E.g. banana, pineapple
    3. Galactose: It is found in mammalian milk

            2. DISACCHARIDES
           These are also known as NON – REDUCING SUGARS. They are found when two indicates of monosaccharide condense and release indicate of water. Their general formula is C12 H22 O11.Example of disaccharides
                a. Maltose is formed when two molecules of glucose condense.
                                                    Glucose + glucose = maltose + water
                b. Sucrose is formed by condensation of glucose and that of fructose.
                                                    Glucose + fructose = sucrose + water
                c. Lactose is found by condensation of galactose molecule and glucose molecule
                                                    glucose + galactose = lactose + water
        3. POLYSACCHARDES                                                                           
    These are formed when several units of monosaccharide linked together. Example of polysaccharides are starch (stored in plant cell, muscles and liver as glycogen in exoskeleton of arthropods and fungal cell as chitin), and Cellulose (forms the building material of the plant cell walls)..
    Function of Carbohydrates in the body
    1) To provide the body with energy.
    2) Carbohydrates combine with proteins, glucose and lipids which are important components of cell membrane.



Tags:

Powered by Blogger.