Socialist Experiment in Tanzania
The high rate of population growth was
to frustrate economic development in
Tanzania and other
places. Tanzania had become independent from Britain in December 1961 and was led by Julius Nyerere,
a man dedicated to the well being of his fellow countrymen, a man who believed
in frugality and lived that way. Nyerere was against corruption. Under his leadership,
government officials and officials in his political party were obliged not to
have more than one salary, own rental property or own shares in or be directors
of private companies.
In December 1962, Tanzania left the Commonwealth and became a
republic, with Nyerere as its president. Nyerere created a
single-party system and used "preventive detention" to eliminate trade
unions and political opposition. In the early 1970s, Nyerere ordered the forced transfer of people to collective farms, and there was resistance and the burning of villages. Nyerere's campaign pushed the nation to the brink of starvation and made it dependent on foreign food aid. In 1974, after ten years in office, Nyerere admitted failure. He spoke of Inequality and poverty in the cities. He described poverty as "the experience of the majority of our citizens." The country was experiencing shortages of cooking oil and gasoline. Hotels in his capital, Dar es Salaam, were falling into disrepair. There had been a movement of people to the big city, and in the capital street gangs were coming into existence. Nyerere deplored his country's continued dependence on foreign assistance and its deficit financing.
He made Swahili the national language. Literacy in Tanzania increased from 20 percent in 1961 to 90 percent by 1983. With good rural health services, life expectancy (at birth) in this period rose from 35 years to 52. But food production was not keeping up with population growth.
In 1976, Nyerere abolished his country's 2,500 independent farming cooperatives, in part because they were politically uncontrollable. The organization that he put in their place ran deficits and soaked up most of Tanzania's investment capital.
Nyerere's socialism had produced what some described as a bloated government bureaucracy. In the early 1980s, communal agriculture was in ill-repute in the world, as in China where Deng Xiapeng was now leader. In 1983, Nyerere declared that the government would again permit private enterprise in farming, including companies investing in private commercial farms. Nyerere agreed to cut government subsidies and to cut state run organizations. Faced with famines and mass starvation, Nyerere resigned in 1985, after twenty-four years as his nation's president. He hand-picked his successor, Ali Hassan Mwinyi, and the new regime began dismantling government controls over the economy.